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What is the difference between stubs and autos? They both seem to be the name of modern(real world) day weaponry.

What makes shootas different than these? Is it just size?

Stub guns use larger bullets with less powder, Autos are the opposite. Both have respective uses, but arn't different enough to warrent changes in game rules (like between a lasgun, Autogun, Stubrifle or Laspistol, Autopistol, Stubber)

I think that a stubber is a modern real-world assault rifle (heavy stubber is either a 30 or a 50 cal) while an autogun shoots caseless rounds. But I can't remember where I saw that so I'm not too confident on it.

circa Rogue Trader, when the differences (aside from shootas) were defined

Autoguns: Fully automatic caseless weapons. Think of guns built with near-future technology. Like a G11 that worked with no jamming issues.
    (archaic rules note: Autoguns used to fire 32" maximum range)
Stubguns: Modern chemical propulsion firearms. Think AK47s for rifles & 50 cals for Heavy Stubbers.
Shootas: Are a racial specific weapon, generally they are crude and stubgun-like, but may or may not work in the hands of non-orks.

Oh right, I forgot about the caseless part.
While were bringing up simmilar weapons, the Kroot Rifle is a single shot weapon that uses cased munitions from an internal magazene. The Ammunition provided to them by the Tau use a superior propellent and contain a plasma-charge tip.

Side note: In necromunda, Autoguns are actualy more accurate then Lasguns at close range, but less accurate at long range.

Autoguns also caused "bleeding" while Lasguns did not and actually cauterized wounds. However lasguns had better chances of having the ammunition for them because their power packs could be recharged over standard power circuits or heated to produce enough energy to fire. Autoguns did not.

In necromunda, it showed a stubgun as a modern-day semi-automatic pistol/handgun firing solid slugs (magazine fed, like a glock or beretta or even a colt 1911), an autopistol is comparable to a Mac-10 or an Uzi, an autogun was comparable to an m-16 or AK series rifle. Heavy stubbers were machine guns in the .30 to .50 cal range.

Sluggas are ork 'pistols that fire bg slugs and go "bang!" really loudly (because orks like loud noises), closer in effect to a bolt pistol, but in style to a stubgun (it's just ork hands are bigger).
Shootas are the other (standard) ork firearm. In principle, somewhere between a large calibre assault rifle and boltgun.