Personally, the idea of non-
IoM human interstellar civilisations is fascinating. There's not much in the existing lore that hasn't been destroyed or subsumed by the
IoM, but that doesn't mean that they're not out there. Plus, it pretty much gives you free reign to come up with your own grimdark human civilisations.
There's some kickass examples from the Horus Heresy of human civilisations encountered. People like the Interex, Diasporex and the Olamic Quietude.
It doesn't even have to be civilisations out on the fringes of the galaxy. Because warp travel requires stable/passable warp routes, and can be blocked off by storms for thousands and thousands of years, there could be undiscovered civilisations right next door (comparatively) to Imperial worlds and each has no idea the other is there until the storms abate.
Iron Sleet's
Green Mechanicum is a great example of what societal changes could happen to a Mechanicus society that's been isolated for thousands and thousands of years
I also think there's fantastic potential for successful human civilisations that have relationships with the Chaos Gods. Say, a standard (but grimdark) civilisation that bases their technology on Chaos tech things like daemonic possession of vehicles/equipment and stuff like Fleshmetal as standard equipment.
Loads of ideas to explore