To add on to what Iracundus was saying:
Corporations might exist but there are barriers (such as high price or various etiquette or customary laws) to anyone except the nobles or other institutions buying shares.
The Fanes of Malfi are such things... a cross between a noble lineage and an arms-manufacturing corporation, these groups buy, from the Adeptus Mechanicus, the rights to a pattern of a weapon, and are then able to produce and sell it themselves, sometimes with the option of modifying or improving it (not the original pattern, of course, but their production models). They pocket the coin accepted across the Calixis sector (or maybe just the Malfian sub-sector), a portion of which is paid to the Mechanicus for the right to the license, the rest is kept by the Fane.
The Fanes war between themselves, of course, and have legions of indentured servants (Malfian citizens) who are in possession of some of the most-lethal hardware the sector produces.