Djinni234 wrote:I've just recently joined Dakka for this exact reason; I need to know more on the organization of the space marine chapters. These question are probably really nooby but they are some things i need to know for making fluff for my chapter. Gotta get the Founding down...

welcome.
The structure of a chapter can be found in the codex. ( codex
SM = codex, codex :
SW/
DA/
BA/
BT = partially using the codex or ignoring it ),
also background material like
Insignium astartes would provide that infaormation too.
Online this could help:
http://www.lexicanum.com
Djinni234 wrote:
What is a Codex Chapter? Are any other types of chapter permitted? If so then what are they?
Codex chapter: A chapter using codex astartes as a guideline. Some adhere closely , others interprete the codex as a collection of suggestions.
Non-codex are: Space Wolves, Black Templars.
Djinni234 wrote:
Must all chapters consist of 10 Companies or can there be like 1 or 2 more?
Those takeing the codex seriously will consist of 10 companies. Those just accepting it as suggestions may follow the organisational structure of their heritage
( pre secound founding Legion ) , examples would be Dark-Angels, Blood Angels, Salamanders.
Non-codex chapters ( like
SW and
BT ) completly ignore the breakup into 10 companies.
Djinni234 wrote:
Must all chapters have their gene-seed from a primarch or can it be from a highly exalted space marine like the Ultramarine's chapter master?
Can the gene-seed be from more than one primarch or will it risk mutation like a five-armed creature with 3 1/2 eyes.
Geneseed is always based on the primarchs ( 20 sets ), but there are unknown sources ( Custodes, Grey knights ) too.
A mix of geneseeds may have been attempted by the adeptus biologis in later foundings since the fluff of the 21st founding hints on it.