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Does every captain have a certain company to command?
Does a Chapter have only ten captains?
Is there any other captain beside the normal commanding structure like somekind of honorable title?

1: Yes
2: Depends on the Chapter
3: No

The codex astartes is quite clear, that a captain commands a company of marines. A chapter only has 10 captains at any given time.

Marines that are marked for promotion to Captaincy are generally put in a captain's command squad, where they need to prove themselves worthy, or die. There are several honored positions in the command squad, such as banner bearer or company champion.

If a marine is put in the position of Honor Guard of the Chapter Master, he is generally not marked for advancement to captain, but focuses entirely on honing his skills to defend his master.

Horst wrote:The codex astartes is quite clear, that a captain commands a company of marines. A chapter only has 10 captains at any given time.

Marines that are marked for promotion to Captaincy are generally put in a captain's command squad, where they need to prove themselves worthy, or die. There are several honored positions in the command squad, such as banner bearer or company champion.

If a marine is put in the position of Honor Guard of the Chapter Master, he is generally not marked for advancement to captain, but focuses entirely on honing his skills to defend his master.

I want to model up a captain by using the ultramarine chapter champion. Gold shacula is my favourate, but according to the background, gold is the color of 2nd company which is under the command of Sicarius. That sucks me.

Also a Captain can be 'promoted' (only temporarily) to a Force Commander. Basically a captain of multiple companies when the need arises.

Blood_Raven wrote:Also a Captain can be 'promoted' (only temporarily) to a Force Commander. Basically a captain of multiple companies when the need arises.

Not necessarily. There is after all a command structure within the captains. Specific captains have additional titles/roles, and in those areas they have authority. Also, the First Captain has authority over other captains that may be present. But I'm unsure if this is something in the codex, or just a mark of honor that the other captains grant the First Captain.

Of course, some Chapters have more or less than ten companies, which will affect their numbers of captains. Even some Codex chapters.

Blood_Raven wrote:Also a Captain can be 'promoted' (only temporarily) to a Force Commander. Basically a captain of multiple companies when the need arises.

'Force Commander' would seem to be a role rather than a rank, presumably awarded to the most senior officer in a given theatre. 'Commander' as a post-heresy rank seems to be analogous to Chapter Master. As in real world militaries, hierarchy among officers of the same rank would presumably be decided by date of commission. Imperial Armour IX introduced the rather nice Roman term 'Magister Militum' for the Astartes officer given overall command of a campaign in which multiple chapters are engaged.