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It's a direct damage spell, which by default have to be cast in your front arc. However, the spell text, after explaining the direct damage bit, also tells us "place the small round template ANYWHERE within 24 inches." Does the spell text override the general casting restrictions on direct damage spells, or do both rules apply?

I would think both would apply because the two clauses are not contradictory.

yes, both apply so it can be placed anywhere within 24" and in your Front Arc.

It also targets the units it hits because it is a Direct Damage spell, so anything that effects spells that target something will activate.

Basically, if it has a defined spell type, those casting restrictions apply. So front arc, in range, no line of sight required for Direct Damage (and by extension, Pit of Shades).

This might help too.

Q: Do ranged direct damage spells that use a template have to
target an enemy unit? (p31)
A: Yes, the template must be placed over the target enemy unit.

and

Q: When targeting a unit with a small or large round template,
must the whole template be within the maximum range of the spell?
(p31)
A: No, the hole in the centre of the template must be within
range.