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What does the word "Canoptek" denote in the Necron language ? Is it a special designation or is it just applied to constructs of a particular class or type ?

Well, for starters, canoptek is a "futurised" version of the word canopic, which were a bunch of jars that the Egyptians used to put organs in.

Now, you'd think that the canopteks in this case would have organs / souls in them, but it's quite the opposite; canopteks are pure machines.
A necron typically has some vestiges of its organic self remaining, generally its consciousness / soul.
Canopteks don't; they are pure 100% artificial intelligence.

So wraiths, spyders, scarabs etc; no consciousness, just programming.

The real life source of inspiration ( canopes ) is something created to preserve.
The 40k variant is constructs made to preserve the sleeping Necron Legions.

Oh, that's a way of looking at it that I hadn't considered. Yes, that would make sense.

Untranslated Necrontyr word of unknown meaning, basically. It applies to all the automated drone units including Sentry Pylons, and probably normal Pylons by extension.

Probably just some random bit of Cryptek technobabble, given they don't have a unified purpose.

The words itself is a portmanteau of canopic, or 'preserving' and techonology ('tech').

It applies to all automated tomb defences and custodians - that is, anything the Necrons field that is both mobile and not a Necron (or, presumably, slave race, but we have no unit profiles for those outside Gorkamorka right now, which predates any concept of a Necron language).

Similarly, 'Necron' applies to all necron units that are derived from Necrontyr who have undergone Biotransferance, which is why they're Necron Warriors, Necron Lords, etc.