Spray sealer is the only method that springs to mind. You may run into the issue of the colors being dulled down or darkened, though, which is why many wargame modelers overdo weathering with powders, knowing that varnish will knock back the effect to where they actually want it. Artists' fixative sprays are usually pretty forgiving, in that respect, but are only meant to keep ground-in dust on paper. The amount of varnish needed to form a complete protective shell requires total saturation of the pigments...
IIRC, all-pigment 'painting' is relatively common among horse figurine painters, which is apparently a bigger deal than you might expect. May be worth trying to find some resources for them to see if you can glean applicable advice.
[edit:] Had some time and started searching. Couldn't find nearly as much info as I seemed to remember being available, but I did find
this video (should be linked directly to proper time point, just after the 8 minute mark), which I
think is the one I was originally remembering. She recommends either Testors Dullcote or Vallejo matte (aerosol). There are more pigment-painting videos on her channel, but I didn't bother watching them all.