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So the space wolves are pretty obvious having a Nordic inspiration behind their look and fluff. I would take a guess that ultramarines are based off of Roman legions and the white scars seem like the Mongols, black Templars are... Well, Templars....

How about the rest of the chapters?

Chapters generally (though not always) follow the patterns established by the original Legions, so it's probably more efficient to find the Legion's inspirations.

Do note though, that their inspiration in terms of writing the fluff sometimes is different from their actual origins in the fluff. The White Scars for example were actually very cosmopoliton originally, and were reshaped by their Primarch based on the culture of his homeworld. While they may be Mongol inspired in terms of our references, they actually have nothing to do with Mongolia in the fluff. The Death Guard started out as mainly recruited from what was Britain, but display no recognisably British (to us) influences.

So with that in mind;

Emperor's Children: Renaissance Europe nobility
Dark Angels: Originally Native American, now more Medieval Knights
White Scars: Mongols
Iron Warriors: Ancient Greeks and Persians
Ultramarines: Romans
Imperial Fists: Middle-Age Christendom (Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Empire, etc) The Black Templars notably descend from them.
Thousand Sons: Egyptian
Blood Angels: Renaissance Italian art (mainly Christian imagery)
Alpha Legion: A little bit of Greek imagery and language
World Eaters: Ancient European gladiators
Night Lords: Victorian-era convicts and gang members.
Space Wolves: Vikings
Word Bearers: Medieval monks

Unsure on the following:

Sons of Horus
Salamanders
Death Guard
Iron Hands
Raven Guard

Salamanders used to be tribal African for their culture, but they decided to make them monsters with red eyes and onyx black skin, so I'm not sure anymore what they are.

 2BlackJack1 wrote:
Salamanders used to be tribal African for their culture, but they decided to make them monsters with red eyes and onyx black skin, so I'm not sure anymore what they are.

A closer representation on GW's view on minorities in the UK.

Black Templars: Crusading Knights
White Knights: Noblebright version of the BT

Hierophant wrote:

Space Wolves: Vikings

In a messed-up way, sure. Call any viking-era northman "wolf" and he'll kill you for it. Or at least refuse to have anything to do with someone hurling such vile accusations at people. A wolf (or vargr) is an outlaw who has done something so despicable that he's been cast out of society, either for a set term or life. Anyone can legally kill him.

Spetulhu wrote:

Hierophant wrote:

Space Wolves: Vikings

In a messed-up way, sure. Call any viking-era northman "wolf" and he'll kill you for it. Or at least refuse to have anything to do with someone hurling such vile accusations at people. A wolf (or vargr) is an outlaw who has done something so despicable that he's been cast out of society, either for a set term or life. Anyone can legally kill him.

The SW may have been left out due to rampant furryism. Kinds makes sense, in a GMO-santa-in-a-wolf-sled kinda way.