I think it's about common target type and weapon stats. This argument is about why heavy bolters might be used instead of multilasers:
The Imperial Guard is probably most commonly employed against traitors, rebels, heretics and Orks. Those have something along the following stats:
1. T3 5+ (Traitor soldier)
2. T3 4+ (Traitor stormtrooper/heavy infantry dude)
3. T4 6+ (Orkboy, Nob)
4. T4 4+ ('ard boy/Nob)
Let's look at the Multilaser first, mathhammerwise. One shot nets:
1. 0.55 killchance
2. 0.42 killchance
3. 0.83 killchance
4. 0.42 killchance
Sum: 2.22
The heavy bolter on the other hand:
1. 0.83 killchance
2. 0.83 killchance
3. 0.67 killchance
4. 0.67 killchance
Sum: 3.00
This is a rules- and theorywise support for the following thesis: The heavy bolter, in an anti-infantry-role, is better suited to successfully eliminate the Imperial Guard's more common enemies. It can be argued further that AP4 is in "the real
40k world"

more useful against even traitor marines than AP6. Heavy bolters are probably also better for shooting through heavy cover. Going from the pseudoscience-explanations of how both weapons work, a multilaser blast, which has no kinetic energy, might explode on a brick wall, denting it, but not hurting the guy on the other side. A fist-sized heavy bolt will probably punch through the brick, THEN explode and absolutely frag anything on the other side of that wall.
I think it's really about hitting power in this case.
HB provides more reliable killiness then MLAS in an anti-infantry role, and
IG likes its reliability. The MLAS is therefore probably kept in the light
AT role it is able to serve on a Chimera or Sentinel. (Why it is rules-wise better at penetrating vehicle armor than infantry armor might be hard to support fluff- and science-wise, but I guess there might be some lasey plasma-ish effect thingy that might affect the targets electrical systems more than an explosive round punching against the armor, I guess.

)
This argument is only related to killyness. It might work in conjunction with the "heavy batteries" argument to form a stronger thesis.