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Chaos marines want eternal war, but what if they would be always losing in the war?

That would suck...

The Chaos Gods wants Eternal War. The Marines are out to bring down the Imperium. The failed miserably to take Terra but they have the upper hand just now. Still, they still have a long way to go, even if the Imperium is slowly crumbling.

Presumably from a Traitor Marine's perspective, victory entails pleasing his demonic patrons by killing stuff/glam metal/spreading disease/inciting change, or achieving some limited objective which forms part of the demon's plans, rather accomplishing broader strategic objectives like conquering the galaxy.

Chaos may want eternal war but the CSM have real objectives (with some exceptions like World Eaters). They're continuing what Horus started and want to see the Emperor deposed. This is especially true with the Black Legion.

Needless to say they haven't been too successful in this endeavor as they're still stuck at Cadia.

Which isn't exactly true considering they've had 13 Crusades involving nearly their entire forces devoted to destroying the Imperium.

The traitors lost the moment they joined chaos.

Before, they conquered a galaxy alongside their brethren, just a few hundred years to take back what belonged to mankind.
Now, they are stuck in eternal war, millenia after millinia without the amount of success they had "fighting on the right side".

So basically the split worked in the favor of the denizens of the warp and the xeno.
The CSM themselves got crappy t-shirts, stinking hellholes, and new upstarts like huron as "competition".

Sounds not like victory....

the thing that mostly stop CSM from achieving their goals is that they are to much divided in a multitude of legions, warband, renegade chapters, etc. There is no way they can unite themselve into one big functionnal army without tension being there. However, they are still a torn in the side of the Imperium, and with all the multiples enemies the loyalists have, it isn't a good thing.