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Priming is about adhesion, not coverage. An aerosol enamel, let alone an actual, dedicated primer, will bind more strongly to the plastic than brushed on acrylic, leading to a more robust paintjob. The primer (or "primer") also has more tooth (tiny texture) than bare plastic, allowing even thin, watery coats to properly settle on the surface and grip it, when cured. This allows for thinner coats, meaning less chance of visible brush strokes and better detail retention.
Utilizing an appropriately colored primer can also be a nice shortcut, if the model has a dominant color (painting desert Tau? Prime them tan. Salamanders? Prime them green. UM? Blue, etc.). Grab a red spray and your two coats of become one, which is also faster to apply.
With styrene kits, priming isn't a strict necessity, but you'll be hard pressed to find anyone with a modicum of experience that doesn't recommend it. Some are more fervent than others ("use a real primer, spray a light dusting, primer =/= basecoat" vs. "just hit the whole thing with spray paint and get going"), but the general consensus is still there, and for a reason.
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