As I understand it, the President proposes a budget, then Congress as a whole argues about it, and finally something gets passed.
Many budget items are continuations or modifications of items agreed in previous budgets. Large scale infrastructure planning falls into this area because you don't get projects like the National Highway system done in a year.
This would seem to involve the whole legislature in the formation of government spending policy, and not just this year's president. It requires Congress to give proper thought to maintenance, and planning extensions and new systems (like optic fibre cable telecoms).
The government, like a business, doesn't have to balance its budget each month or year as long as it can issue debt and cover repayments with tax receipts. However the borrowed money needs to be spent on productive infrastructure -- i.e. investment.
(To me, education and health are a kind of invisible infrastructure.)
BTW, anyone wishing to help pay back the government debt can contribute here...
https://www.pay.gov/paygov/forms/formInstance.html?agencyFormId=23779454