Switch Theme:

Are you happy to pay GW for 40k improvements?  [RSS] Share on facebook Share on Twitter Submit to Reddit
»
Poll
Are you happy to pay for 40k improvements?
Yes, I will give GW as much money as they need to make 40k good
Yes but only for big updates.
Yes but only for new editions.
Hell no! I payed for support when I bought the game and models!

View results
Author Message
Advert


Forum adverts like this one are shown to any user who is not logged in. Join us by filling out a tiny 3 field form and you will get your own, free, dakka user account which gives a good range of benefits to you:
  • No adverts like this in the forums anymore.
  • Times and dates in your local timezone.
  • Full tracking of what you have read so you can skip to your first unread post, easily see what has changed since you last logged in, and easily see what is new at a glance.
  • Email notifications for threads you want to watch closely.
  • Being a part of the oldest wargaming community on the net.
If you are already a member then feel free to login now.




Made in us
Prescient Cryptek of Eternity





East Coast, USA

I'm definitely not liking the 8th Edition method of paying for the same rules over and over. I play Necrons. To play Necrons with the latest rules, I've had to purchase...

1. The new Warhammer 40,000 rulebook ($60)
2. Index Xenos 2 ($25)
3. Chapter Approved 2017 ($35)
4. Codex Necrons ($40)

That's $160 worth of rules for my single faction army. Each book above has content not related to playing the game and/or related to playing the game but not related to playing my faction. In other words, I'm not getting anywhere close to $160 worth of value out of these books because I'm only using a small portion of the books. In addition, I need four PDF FAQ/Errata docs. It's something of a juggling act to assemble a list at this point.

Should GW be charging for...

1. ...the core rule book? I think GW should absolutely charge for the new edition's core rule book. I do think they should have made a fluff free, smaller format version available for people who (don't want to pay so much/don't want to carry a huge book around/aren't interested in the fluff/etc).
2. ...the Index books? I don't think they should have charged for the Index books. That material should really have been free... especially given the stated intent of replacing them ASAP with Codexes. I was forced to pay for multiple factions worth of datasheets just to get the Necron sheets. Those sheets now have zero value with a Codex having been released.
3. ...the Codex books? Sure. GW should charge for these. It would be nice to have a smaller format, soft cover version for portability's sake, but I get that GW is committed to only releasing fancy, expensive books.
4. ...the Chapter Approved annuals? I'm torn here. The only thing I care about in these books are the updated rules and updated points tables. Updated rules and point costs belong in FAQ/Errata docs and not in paid materials. I do think GW should charge for the other content in the book as it's basically expansion material.

So... I think to play a Necron army, I should only have to buy the core rules and a Codex. I shouldn't have had to pay for an Index (free PDF instead) and I shouldn't have to pay for annual points changes and rules tweaks (free PDF instead). And speaking of free PDFs... for the love of all that's good in this world, create a SINGLE document with all of the FAQs/Erratas broken out into sections by faction. I'm tired of having to hunt through a whole array of documents to answer a single rules question.

Check out my website. Editorials! Tutorials! Fun Times To Be Had! - kriswallminis.com


https://www.thingiverse.com/KrisWall/about


Completed Trades With: ultraatma 
   
Made in gb
Fixture of Dakka




 Sim-Life wrote:
pm713 wrote:
 deathwinguk wrote:
https://www.warhammer-community.com/2017/04/22/breaking-news/

"This is the game you know, but improved, faster, bloodier and better. The rules team have gone to great lengths to make sure that every unit, weapon, vehicle and character has its role – everything will be useful, and every miniature will have a place in your army."

I loved them saying that because it was so obviously going to be a failure. Who thinks that's a good thing to say?


The marketing department.

It's just so obviously untrue it's not even good marketing.

tremere47-fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, hate, leads to triple riptide spam  
   
Made in us
Dakka Veteran





 Kriswall wrote:
I'm definitely not liking the 8th Edition method of paying for the same rules over and over. I play Necrons. To play Necrons with the latest rules, I've had to purchase...

1. The new Warhammer 40,000 rulebook ($60)
2. Index Xenos 2 ($25)
3. Chapter Approved 2017 ($35)
4. Codex Necrons ($40)

That's $160 worth of rules for my single faction army. Each book above has content not related to playing the game and/or related to playing the game but not related to playing my faction. In other words, I'm not getting anywhere close to $160 worth of value out of these books because I'm only using a small portion of the books. In addition, I need four PDF FAQ/Errata docs. It's something of a juggling act to assemble a list at this point.

Should GW be charging for...

1. ...the core rule book? I think GW should absolutely charge for the new edition's core rule book. I do think they should have made a fluff free, smaller format version available for people who (don't want to pay so much/don't want to carry a huge book around/aren't interested in the fluff/etc).
2. ...the Index books? I don't think they should have charged for the Index books. That material should really have been free... especially given the stated intent of replacing them ASAP with Codexes. I was forced to pay for multiple factions worth of datasheets just to get the Necron sheets. Those sheets now have zero value with a Codex having been released.
3. ...the Codex books? Sure. GW should charge for these. It would be nice to have a smaller format, soft cover version for portability's sake, but I get that GW is committed to only releasing fancy, expensive books.
4. ...the Chapter Approved annuals? I'm torn here. The only thing I care about in these books are the updated rules and updated points tables. Updated rules and point costs belong in FAQ/Errata docs and not in paid materials. I do think GW should charge for the other content in the book as it's basically expansion material.

So... I think to play a Necron army, I should only have to buy the core rules and a Codex. I shouldn't have had to pay for an Index (free PDF instead) and I shouldn't have to pay for annual points changes and rules tweaks (free PDF instead). And speaking of free PDFs... for the love of all that's good in this world, create a SINGLE document with all of the FAQs/Erratas broken out into sections by faction. I'm tired of having to hunt through a whole array of documents to answer a single rules question.


This is a big way GW is making the numbers these days.
   
Made in gb
Regular Dakkanaut





 Kriswall wrote:
I play Necrons. To play Necrons with the latest rules, I've had to purchase...

1. The new Warhammer 40,000 rulebook ($60)
2. Index Xenos 2 ($25)
3. Chapter Approved 2017 ($35)
4. Codex Necrons ($40)

That's $160 worth of rules for my single faction army.

...

In addition, I need four PDF FAQ/Errata docs. It's something of a juggling act to assemble a list at this point

It's not good is it. Does the codex replace the index?

This message was edited 5 times. Last update was at 2018/05/02 18:03:21


 
   
Made in at
Not as Good as a Minion





Austria

The Codex does not replace the index as it only contains units that currently have a model

So you either get the Index or don't use models you own

Harry, bring this ring to Narnia or the Sith will take the Enterprise 
   
Made in gb
Regular Dakkanaut





 kodos wrote:
The Codex does not replace the index as it only contains units that currently have a model

So you either get the Index or don't use models you own

Right

I was fortunate enough to come back to WH40k after the 8th edition SM codex was available so I didn't have to fork out for an index. I'm personally ignoring CA for now too.

This message was edited 6 times. Last update was at 2018/05/02 18:30:30


 
   
Made in vn
Battlefortress Driver with Krusha Wheel






The joke is we're all to blame (apart from me who has only actually ever purchased the 1 codex for marines (I wated) and index for orks. (I got the rule book basically given to me). You all purchased the books and have shown GW they can get away with it!

On a side note I do feel (my chaos friend especially) we were tricked by GW. Although they never said it, they implied the index would be the main way to play for about a year before they worked on balances and really got a hang for 8th ed. Like a month or 2 later his codex comes out...
   
Made in us
Decrepit Dakkanaut





 lolman1c wrote:

On a side note I do feel (my chaos friend especially) we were tricked by GW. Although they never said it, they implied the index would be the main way to play for about a year before they worked on balances and really got a hang for 8th ed. Like a month or 2 later his codex comes out...


Nobody got duped by GW. Did he get to play with his army for two months? Mission accomplished.

The community is really, really good at making things up and misleading itself.

This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 2018/05/02 18:42:25


 
   
Made in us
Preacher of the Emperor





St. Louis, Missouri USA

I would prefer GW switch to a digital subscription system, $20-$30 a month that grants you access to all rules in a digital, constantly updated, interactive format. Then they could also sell hardbacks individually, as well, for the collectors.

 
   
Made in ca
Renegade Inquisitor with a Bound Daemon





Tied and gagged in the back of your car

 deviantduck wrote:
I would prefer GW switch to a digital subscription system, $20-$30 a month that grants you access to all rules in a digital, constantly updated, interactive format. Then they could also sell hardbacks individually, as well, for the collectors.


$20/mo would be obscene. Like, absolutely, mind blowingly insane. $5/mo at the absolute highest, maybe. But that's pushing it when the rules themselves are already just a platform to get you to buy more stuff in the first place.

This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 2018/05/02 18:51:21


 
   
Made in us
Preacher of the Emperor





St. Louis, Missouri USA

 Fafnir wrote:
 deviantduck wrote:
I would prefer GW switch to a digital subscription system, $20-$30 a month that grants you access to all rules in a digital, constantly updated, interactive format. Then they could also sell hardbacks individually, as well, for the collectors.


$20/mo would be obscene. Like, absolutely, mind blowingly insane. $5/mo at the absolute highest, maybe. But that's pushing it when the rules themselves are already just a platform to get you to buy more stuff in the first place.
I disagree. How much does every codex and rulebook cost right now? Assuming every faction had a codex out, you're looking at what.. over $1000 in books? They last 3 years per edition, so $333 annually for all content? $240 a year isn't that outrageous.

They could setup and app similar to how audible.com does it and if you drop the subscription you can't open the files anymore. I'm sure there will be pirating, but that exists now, so that's a wash. It would be refreshing to be able to open any book at any time on my phone and have all of the most updated and recent point costs, errata, and faqs already rolled in and updated. That is absolutely worth $20 a month to me.

 
   
Made in us
Blood-Drenched Death Company Marine




 Daedalus81 wrote:
 lolman1c wrote:

On a side note I do feel (my chaos friend especially) we were tricked by GW. Although they never said it, they implied the index would be the main way to play for about a year before they worked on balances and really got a hang for 8th ed. Like a month or 2 later his codex comes out...


Nobody got duped by GW. Did he get to play with his army for two months? Mission accomplished.

The community is really, really good at making things up and misleading itself.


Snoke Theories come to mind.

And Ork Players have gotten a good value out of the index, compared to others.
   
Made in us
Prescient Cryptek of Eternity





East Coast, USA

 deathwinguk wrote:
 Kriswall wrote:
I play Necrons. To play Necrons with the latest rules, I've had to purchase...

1. The new Warhammer 40,000 rulebook ($60)
2. Index Xenos 2 ($25)
3. Chapter Approved 2017 ($35)
4. Codex Necrons ($40)

That's $160 worth of rules for my single faction army.

...

In addition, I need four PDF FAQ/Errata docs. It's something of a juggling act to assemble a list at this point

It's not good is it. Does the codex replace the index?


Sort of yes and sort of no. I had an army when 8th released. The choice was to either buy the Index and then also buy the Codex OR just not be able to use the army until the Codex released. If I were buying into Necrons today, I would not need the Index to play with updated rules. You only need to buy an Index after a Codex has released if you want to use some of the older units and wargear configurations that didn't make it into the Codex. Everyone who had an army when 8e dropped would have to buy their Index and subsequently buy their Codex.

It's even worse if you have a multi-faction army. I have a friend who has a very fluffy Imperial army featuring mainly Ultramarines with a very small allied group of Grey Knights (something like a Terminator HQ and maybe 3 Paladins) as well as a small AdMech group. To play the army from when 8e dropped until now, he needed to buy...
1. The core rules ($60)
2. Index: Imperium 1 ($25)
3. Index: Imperium 2 ($25)
4. Codex: Space Marines ($50)
5. Codex: Adeptus Mechanicus ($40)
6. Codex: Grey Knights ($40)
7. Chapter Approved 2017 ($35)
That's $275 worth of rules to run his army. I realize he has multple factions in there, but 7e's army building encouraged multi faction armies. It's always going to cost more to run multi faction armies, but $275 is a lot to ask. 8e monetarily rewards single faction, but competitively rewards multi faction (re:Imperial Soup). It's a form of pay to win. If you're willing to spend more actual dollars on rule books, you'll potentially have access to more competitive options.

Check out my website. Editorials! Tutorials! Fun Times To Be Had! - kriswallminis.com


https://www.thingiverse.com/KrisWall/about


Completed Trades With: ultraatma 
   
Made in es
Grim Dark Angels Interrogator-Chaplain




Vigo. Spain.

 deviantduck wrote:
 Fafnir wrote:
 deviantduck wrote:
I would prefer GW switch to a digital subscription system, $20-$30 a month that grants you access to all rules in a digital, constantly updated, interactive format. Then they could also sell hardbacks individually, as well, for the collectors.


$20/mo would be obscene. Like, absolutely, mind blowingly insane. $5/mo at the absolute highest, maybe. But that's pushing it when the rules themselves are already just a platform to get you to buy more stuff in the first place.
I disagree. How much does every codex and rulebook cost right now? Assuming every faction had a codex out, you're looking at what.. over $1000 in books? They last 3 years per edition, so $333 annually for all content? $240 a year isn't that outrageous.

They could setup and app similar to how audible.com does it and if you drop the subscription you can't open the files anymore. I'm sure there will be pirating, but that exists now, so that's a wash. It would be refreshing to be able to open any book at any time on my phone and have all of the most updated and recent point costs, errata, and faqs already rolled in and updated. That is absolutely worth $20 a month to me.


I'm telling you no one would pay 20$ a month for that.

Heck, even for 5$ a month I don't think many people would buy that suscription. 20$ a month can give you 2-3 suscriptions to other services like Netflix, World of Warcraft, etc... that give you much more value from your money.

if netflix best service is 14$ a month is for a reason.

 Crimson Devil wrote:

Dakka does have White Knights and is also rather infamous for it's Black Knights. A new edition brings out the passionate and not all of them are good at expressing themselves in written form. There have been plenty of hysterical responses from both sides so far. So we descend into pointless bickering with neither side listening to each other. So posting here becomes more masturbation than conversation.

ERJAK wrote:
Forcing a 40k player to keep playing 7th is basically a hate crime.

 
   
Made in us
Preacher of the Emperor





St. Louis, Missouri USA

 Galas wrote:
 deviantduck wrote:
 Fafnir wrote:
 deviantduck wrote:
I would prefer GW switch to a digital subscription system, $20-$30 a month that grants you access to all rules in a digital, constantly updated, interactive format. Then they could also sell hardbacks individually, as well, for the collectors.


$20/mo would be obscene. Like, absolutely, mind blowingly insane. $5/mo at the absolute highest, maybe. But that's pushing it when the rules themselves are already just a platform to get you to buy more stuff in the first place.
I disagree. How much does every codex and rulebook cost right now? Assuming every faction had a codex out, you're looking at what.. over $1000 in books? They last 3 years per edition, so $333 annually for all content? $240 a year isn't that outrageous.

They could setup and app similar to how audible.com does it and if you drop the subscription you can't open the files anymore. I'm sure there will be pirating, but that exists now, so that's a wash. It would be refreshing to be able to open any book at any time on my phone and have all of the most updated and recent point costs, errata, and faqs already rolled in and updated. That is absolutely worth $20 a month to me.


I'm telling you no one would pay 20$ a month for that.

Heck, even for 5$ a month I don't think many people would buy that suscription. 20$ a month can give you 2-3 suscriptions to other services like Netflix, World of Warcraft, etc... that give you much more value from your money.

if netflix best service is 14$ a month is for a reason.
I know half a dozen people that would because we sat around spitballing it. But pricepoint isn't the crux of the discussion here, it was the subscription service itself.

 
   
Made in ca
Renegade Inquisitor with a Bound Daemon





Tied and gagged in the back of your car

Yeah, I pay ~$14/mo for more shows and movies than I could ever consume in my lifetime. $20/mo for codex access would be absurd. It'd be enough to push me off of the hobby entirely.

This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 2018/05/02 20:40:58


 
   
Made in us
Preacher of the Emperor





St. Louis, Missouri USA

 Fafnir wrote:
Yeah, I pay ~$14/mo for more shows and movies than I could ever consume in my lifetime. $20/mo for codex access would be absurd. It'd be enough to push me off of the hobby entirely.
To date since June last year, I've purchased all 5 indexes, all 4 FW indexes, 2 codexes, BRB, and CA. I'm $375 deep into rules for 8th edition. I'm about to buy another codex putting me at $425. Divide that by $20 and I've already paid a $20 subscription from the drop of 8th edition until this March 2019.

I don't think people realize how much we spend on the books, which aren't updated in a user friendly manner.

 
   
Made in ca
Renegade Inquisitor with a Bound Daemon





Tied and gagged in the back of your car

And that's still a stupidly high price to pay just to be able to spend more money on models. But at least up until now, the books were a one-time purchase. You can't seriously expect that price point every year would be reasonable just to participate.

This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 2018/05/02 21:07:03


 
   
Made in ca
Mekboy Hammerin' Somethin'




Kapuskasing, ON

 deviantduck wrote:
 Fafnir wrote:
Yeah, I pay ~$14/mo for more shows and movies than I could ever consume in my lifetime. $20/mo for codex access would be absurd. It'd be enough to push me off of the hobby entirely.
To date since June last year, I've purchased all 5 indexes, all 4 FW indexes, 2 codexes, BRB, and CA. I'm $375 deep into rules for 8th edition. I'm about to buy another codex putting me at $425. Divide that by $20 and I've already paid a $20 subscription from the drop of 8th edition until this March 2019.

I don't think people realize how much we spend on the books, which aren't updated in a user friendly manner.


Oh I know. I've been paying attention. I paid zero so far. I want a finished product first. If their current policy is to avoid achieving that it's no biggie to me I can wait another edition. As of 7th edition I had already taken up a new hobby/game; golf. I want to thank Geedubs for that. Addictive game.
   
Made in us
Bounding Assault Marine



Leominster

40k 8th can go straight to hell. You need so many FaQs to play this burning tire fire.

Happy to stick with 30k for the moment.

"I was never a Son of Horus. I was and remain a Luna Wolf. A proud son of Cthonia, a loyal servant of the Emperor."

Recasts are like Fight Cub. No one talks about it, but more people do it then you realize.



Armies.
Luna Wolves 4,000 Points
Thousand Sons 4,000 Points. 
   
Made in gb
Stern Iron Priest with Thrall Bodyguard



UK

Yeah even the idea of paying monthly for the poor quality rules makes my blood boil.
   
Made in gb
Death-Dealing Dark Angels Devastator




Leeds, UK

 deviantduck wrote:
 Fafnir wrote:
Yeah, I pay ~$14/mo for more shows and movies than I could ever consume in my lifetime. $20/mo for codex access would be absurd. It'd be enough to push me off of the hobby entirely.
To date since June last year, I've purchased all 5 indexes, all 4 FW indexes, 2 codexes, BRB, and CA. I'm $375 deep into rules for 8th edition. I'm about to buy another codex putting me at $425. Divide that by $20 and I've already paid a $20 subscription from the drop of 8th edition until this March 2019.

I don't think people realize how much we spend on the books, which aren't updated in a user friendly manner.


But surely you realise you're an exception rather than the rule.

Most people I'd imagine would just get the BRB (£30), CA (£20) and their Codex (£25-30). £75-80, With only the £20 repeating for the CA on a yearly basis. Even if they bought their appropriate Index or a 2nd Codex too it comes to nowhere near worth $20 a month.

I'd love them to offer a digital subscription. As long as it was good quality, with the revisions kept up to date. £5 a month is on the high side of what I'd pay, but it wouldn't surprise me if GW set it at that price.

   
Made in gb
Ork-Hunting Inquisitorial Xenokiller





It's so strange how people put value on different items and goods.

"£5 a month is on the high side."
"£20 a month is absolutely wild"

However if you go to a coffee shop and buy a latte and a sandwich, you spend more than £5.

How much is a regular book with no illustrations or anything apart from a nice cover, that you might read once and never look at again? £8.99 probably?

A pint of beer is £4.50 nowadays. And you would have more than one of those a month, I expect. Around one a day, for many.

The cheapest possible item of clothing is probably £5. What can you get for a fiver? A poor quality tshirt made in a bangladeshi sweatshop.

If you vape or smoke, you easily spend £20 a month - possibly a week - on inhaling stuff.

Etc.


Before people jump in to say "ah but I don't drink coffee, smoke, read books, wear clothes or any of those things" I am not offering conclusions here and YMMV but for me, the comparative value between a coffee or a rubbish t-shirt and a subscription to a rules service for a game I enjoy and that gives me pleasure is... an easy decision.

TO of Death Before Dishonour - A Warhammer 40k Tournament with a focus on great battles between well painted, thematic armies on tables with full terrain.

Read the blog at:
https://deathbeforedishonour.co.uk/blog 
   
Made in ca
Renegade Inquisitor with a Bound Daemon





Tied and gagged in the back of your car

It's about value for money, not affordability.

GW's codex and rulebook prices are an entry fee to spend more money on models. Most companies would rather treat this as a loss leader.

When I buy that sandwich, I'm getting my money's worth of sandwich (unless I'm getting it from Tim's, as is usually the case, but that's kind of just the pain of existence right there). With GW's rulebooks, there's not a lot that I can do without spending more money, it's a gatekeeper. The content in it is pretty sparse otherwise, it exists almost solely to facilitate the models that I actually do want.
   
Made in gb
Stitch Counter





The North

There seems to be a bit of disconnect here.

Broadly speaking there are two camps of people:
1) Those who believe that corrections to the rulebook should be free as they are amending something that was incorrect.
2) Those who believe that corrections should be paid for on top of the fee for the original book.

Here's an idea. Why don't GW provide the corrections and editing as a free PDF so that people who paid for the original book aren't being shafted and paying twice. Those people who want a physical booklet printed by GW have the option to buy a booklet for the cost of the printing materials.

There we go, case solved. Studio Tomahawk did this for SAGA2 and the corrections/editing of the Aetius and Arthur book. Rules for free as downloadable print-out. Physical copy provided by the company as a paid for item at cost-value = Happy customers.

Thousand Sons: 3850pts / Space Marines Deathwatch 5000pts / Dark Eldar Webway Corsairs 2000pts / Scrapheap Challenged Orks 1500pts / Black Death 1500pts

Saga: (Vikings, Normans, Anglo Danes, Irish, Scots, Late Romans, Huns and Anglo Saxons), Lion Rampant, Ronin: (Bushi x2, Sohei), Frostgrave: (Enchanter, Thaumaturge, Illusionist)
 
   
Made in gb
Fully-charged Electropriest





 Wulfmar wrote:
There seems to be a bit of disconnect here.

Broadly speaking there are two camps of people:
1) Those who believe that corrections to the rulebook should be free as they are amending something that was incorrect.
2) Those who believe that corrections should be paid for on top of the fee for the original book.

Here's an idea. Why don't GW provide the corrections and editing as a free PDF so that people who paid for the original book aren't being shafted and paying twice. Those people who want a physical booklet printed by GW have the option to buy a booklet for the cost of the printing materials.

There we go, case solved. Studio Tomahawk did this for SAGA2 and the corrections/editing of the Aetius and Arthur book. Rules for free as downloadable print-out. Physical copy provided by the company as a paid for item at cost-value = Happy customers.


Corrections and editing are provided free of charge. You can find them here: https://www.warhammer-community.com/faqs/



“Do not ask me to approach the battle meekly, to creep through the shadows, or to quietly slip on my foes in the dark. I am Rogal Dorn, Imperial Fist, Space Marine, Emperor’s Champion. Let my enemies cower at my advance and tremble at the sight of me.”
-Rogal Dorn
 
   
Made in us
Stitch Counter





The North

I was aware, but thank you for being helpful

Thousand Sons: 3850pts / Space Marines Deathwatch 5000pts / Dark Eldar Webway Corsairs 2000pts / Scrapheap Challenged Orks 1500pts / Black Death 1500pts

Saga: (Vikings, Normans, Anglo Danes, Irish, Scots, Late Romans, Huns and Anglo Saxons), Lion Rampant, Ronin: (Bushi x2, Sohei), Frostgrave: (Enchanter, Thaumaturge, Illusionist)
 
   
Made in us
Clousseau





East Bay, Ca, US

I don't see myself buying another physical copy of a GW publication. Except AoS, they seem to have done it right, they disconnected statlines from costs completely, which is the right way to do it.

Digital content is the way to go. A rules subscription is the way to go.

 Galas wrote:
I remember when Marmatag was a nooby, all shiney and full of joy. How playing the unbalanced mess of Warhammer40k in a ultra-competitive meta has changed you

Bharring wrote:
He'll actually *change his mind* in the presence of sufficient/sufficiently defended information. Heretic.
 
   
 
Forum Index » 40K General Discussion
Go to: